The Freedom Struggle Beyond the British: Peasants, Tribals, and the Fight Against Oppression

The Indian freedom movement is often remembered as a battle against British colonial rule. But the truth is far more complex. It was also a struggle of peasants, tribals, and lower castes against oppressive princely states and upper-caste elites who collaborated with colonial powers. Understanding this layered struggle reveals the contributions of countless unsung heroes and the systemic inequalities they fought against.

Resistance Beyond British Rule

Many princely states, including Maratha, Rajput, Sikh, and Gurkha domains, had complex relationships with British authority. While some resisted colonial control, others collaborated with the British to maintain their dominance over local populations.

The Maratha Peshwas, initially resisting the British, eventually allied with them, which helped suppress peasant uprisings.
Rajput rulers, despite their famed valor, often oppressed lower castes and peasants, sometimes alongside British forces.

For references: Maratha History, Journal on Rajput-British Relations.

Peasant and Tribal Uprisings

The resistance of peasants and tribals was a critical component of India’s freedom struggle.

Sikar Peasant Movement (Rajasthan): Peasants protested arbitrary land revenue increases, demonstrating local resistance against oppressive princely policies.
Reference: Sikar Peasant Movement
Bastar Rebellion (Chhattisgarh): Led by Gunda Dhur, Adivasis fought against exploitative local lords and the British, highlighting the intersection of colonial and indigenous oppression.
Reference: Bastar Rebellion

These uprisings show that the struggle for freedom was as much about justice and equality as it was about independence from foreign rule.

The Role of Lower Castes and Women

Lower castes and women played pivotal roles in resisting both colonial and local oppression.

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi: Led armed resistance during the 1857 uprising.
Rani Gaidinliu of Nagaland: Fought British forces and local exploiters even after her cousin Haipou Jadonang was executed.

References: Rani Lakshmibai, Rani Gaidinliu

Leelatai Chitale: Inspired by colonial racism, she joined the Quit India Movement in 1942, representing grassroots resistance.
Reference: Times of India Article

The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: A Turning Point

In 1919, British and Gurkha troops opened fire on a peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh, killing hundreds of unarmed civilians. This atrocity united people from all walks of life in resistance.

References: Wikipedia, History.com

Gandhi’s Ethical Leadership

Mahatma Gandhi’s leadership brought together peasants, tribals, and marginalized communities under a common moral and ethical framework. His emphasis on truth, justice, and non-violence transcended regional and caste divisions, giving the movement its moral authority.

Reference: Britannica – Gandhi

Conclusion

The Indian freedom struggle was far more than a fight against colonial rulers. It was a complex movement involving peasants, tribals, lower castes, women, and ethical leaders like Gandhi, who challenged both foreign and indigenous oppression. Recognizing these diverse contributions helps us appreciate the true scope of India’s fight for justice and independence.

Akshat Agrawal Musings

Sunday, August 17, 2025